رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب
هاهو يا اخي اقرءه على راحتك انت وجميع اعضاء المنتدى
December 20, 2010
Summary
The United States government views Morocco as a moderate Arab regime, an important ally
against terrorism, and a free trade partner. Congress is particularly interested in Morocco because
it is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign assistance to help it combat terror and to develop.
King Mohammed VI retains supreme power, but has taken some liberalizing steps with uncertain
effects. Since 2005, several elections have met international standards. National politics currently
seems focused on a developing rivalry between the Party for Authenticity and Modernity (PAM)
established in 2008 by a former classmate of the king and the moderately Islamist Justice and
Development Party (PJD) that previously had been on the rise.
The government is greatly concerned about terrorism because, after 9/11, Morocco experienced
several devastating terror attacks and Moroccan expatriates have been implicated in attacks and
plots overseas. Morocco takes a comprehensive approach to countering terror, involving security
measures, economic reforms, control of religious outlets, education, and international
cooperation. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), considered the greatest threat to the
North African region, has not mounted a successful attack in Morocco. However, individual
Moroccans have joined AQIM outside of the country and the group has attempted to use
Moroccan territory to smuggle drugs elsewhere.
Morocco’s human rights record is uneven as a number of abuses have been documented and the
Western Sahara issue has produced harsh suppression of activists and constraints on freedom of
expression. At the same time, the Family Code is a landmark initiative that could improve the
rights of women if fully implemented. The king has tried to provide a record of abuses
perpetrated before he ascended the throne in 1999 and to enhance the rights of Berbers, the
original inhabitants of the region. In 2010, questions about religious freedom arose when foreign
Christians were expelled for proselytizing in contravention of Morocco’s laws and some members
of Congress criticized the Moroccan government for this action.
Morocco has not been severely affected by the global economic crisis. It is concentrating on
economic reforms that could alleviate poverty as a way to prevent radicalization and terrorism. It
also has begun several major renewable energy projects to lessen dependence on foreign sources.
Morocco’s foreign policy focuses largely on France, Spain, and the United States. Morocco’s
relations with Algeria are troubled by the unresolved dispute over the Western Sahara, a territory
south of Morocco that Morocco largely occupies and views as an integral part of its national
territory. Algeria supports the POLISARIO Front in its quest for the region’s self-determination.
Morocco supports a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, considers Jerusalem to
be the future capital of a Palestinian state, and has criticized Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians.
Relations between Morocco and Israel are strained, but the link between them may be
unbreakable as about 600,000 Moroccan Jews are citizens of Israel. Morocco severed diplomatic
relations with Iran in 2009 ostensibly for bilateral reasons. Morocco cooperates with the United
States to counter terrorism, is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign aid, and a purchaser of U.S.
arms.
See also CRS Report RS21464, Morocco-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, by Raymond J. Ahearn and
CRS Report RS20962, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, by Carol Migdalovitz.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service
Contents
Government and Politics .............................................................................................................1
Terrorism...................................................................................................................................2
Human Rights .............................................................................................................................4
Economy ...................................................................................................................................6
Foreign Policy............................................................................................................................7
Western Sahara .....................................................................................................................8
Algeria.................................................................................................................................8
Europe .................................................................................................................................9
Middle East.........................................................................................................................10
Relations with the United States ................................................................................................ 11
Figures
Figure 1. Map of Morocco...........................................................................................................7
Tables
Table 1. Millennium Challenge Corporation Programs .............................................................12
Table 2. U.S. Foreign Assistance to Morocco............................................................................13
Table 3. U.S. Merchandise Trade with Morocco ......................................................................13
Contacts
Author Contact Information ......................................................................................................13
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 1
Government and Politics
The Moroccan royal dynasty has ruled the country since 1649. The reigning king, Mohammed VI,
ascended to the throne in 1999. He says that he is committed to building a democracy, but he
remains the pre-eminent state authority. The king chairs the Council of State that endorses all
legislation before it goes to parliament, appoints the prime minister and ministers of foreign
affairs, interior, defense, and Islamic affairs, and approves other ministers. He sets the agenda of
parliament in an annual Speech from the Throne, dissolves parliament, calls elections, and rules
by decree. The king also has a “shadow government” of royal advisors and is head of the military.
Reforms depend on the king’s will, and he has undertaken several hallmark liberalizing
initiatives. The king also is said to be tied to significant economic enterprises in the country.
The September 2002 election for the 325-seat Chamber of Representatives, a weak lower house
chosen by universal suffrage, was deemed the first free, fair, and transparent election ever held in
Morocco. The September 2007 election also met international standards, but only 37% of the
voters turned out and 19% cast blank ballots, reflecting widespread disillusionment with the
political process and popular understanding of the powerlessness of the legislature. The
nationalist Istiqlal (Independence) Party, Morocco’s oldest party, placed first. Its secretarygeneral,
Abbas al Fassi, became prime minister and formed a four-party coalition government
with a 34-member cabinet, including an unprecedented five women ministers. The moderate and
well-organized Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), also known as Al Misbah (the
beacon), had expected to win the election; it placed second and charged irregularities, but
accepted the legitimacy of the outcome. Some 23 parties and blocs plus independents are
represented in the current legislature.
In August 2008, Fouad Ali al Himma established the Party for Authenticity and Modernity
(PAM). Al Himma is a former classmate of King Mohammed VI and former deputy interior
minister. He was elected to parliament as an independent in 2007 and became chairman of its
Committee on Foreign, Defense, and Islamic Affairs. Al Himma has not assumed the leadership
of PAM; he is deputy leader and considered the party’s de facto head. In September 2008, PAM
formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Rally of Independents (RNI). It has sought
alliances with parties known to be recipients of royal patronage and won over many deputies who
defected from other parties. Although the party only won three seats in 2007, it now controls a
large bloc in parliament. PAM’s ideology is incoherent
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هاهو يا اخي اقرءه على راحتك انت وجميع اعضاء المنتدى
December 20, 2010
Summary
The United States government views Morocco as a moderate Arab regime, an important ally
against terrorism, and a free trade partner. Congress is particularly interested in Morocco because
it is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign assistance to help it combat terror and to develop.
King Mohammed VI retains supreme power, but has taken some liberalizing steps with uncertain
effects. Since 2005, several elections have met international standards. National politics currently
seems focused on a developing rivalry between the Party for Authenticity and Modernity (PAM)
established in 2008 by a former classmate of the king and the moderately Islamist Justice and
Development Party (PJD) that previously had been on the rise.
The government is greatly concerned about terrorism because, after 9/11, Morocco experienced
several devastating terror attacks and Moroccan expatriates have been implicated in attacks and
plots overseas. Morocco takes a comprehensive approach to countering terror, involving security
measures, economic reforms, control of religious outlets, education, and international
cooperation. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), considered the greatest threat to the
North African region, has not mounted a successful attack in Morocco. However, individual
Moroccans have joined AQIM outside of the country and the group has attempted to use
Moroccan territory to smuggle drugs elsewhere.
Morocco’s human rights record is uneven as a number of abuses have been documented and the
Western Sahara issue has produced harsh suppression of activists and constraints on freedom of
expression. At the same time, the Family Code is a landmark initiative that could improve the
rights of women if fully implemented. The king has tried to provide a record of abuses
perpetrated before he ascended the throne in 1999 and to enhance the rights of Berbers, the
original inhabitants of the region. In 2010, questions about religious freedom arose when foreign
Christians were expelled for proselytizing in contravention of Morocco’s laws and some members
of Congress criticized the Moroccan government for this action.
Morocco has not been severely affected by the global economic crisis. It is concentrating on
economic reforms that could alleviate poverty as a way to prevent radicalization and terrorism. It
also has begun several major renewable energy projects to lessen dependence on foreign sources.
Morocco’s foreign policy focuses largely on France, Spain, and the United States. Morocco’s
relations with Algeria are troubled by the unresolved dispute over the Western Sahara, a territory
south of Morocco that Morocco largely occupies and views as an integral part of its national
territory. Algeria supports the POLISARIO Front in its quest for the region’s self-determination.
Morocco supports a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, considers Jerusalem to
be the future capital of a Palestinian state, and has criticized Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians.
Relations between Morocco and Israel are strained, but the link between them may be
unbreakable as about 600,000 Moroccan Jews are citizens of Israel. Morocco severed diplomatic
relations with Iran in 2009 ostensibly for bilateral reasons. Morocco cooperates with the United
States to counter terrorism, is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign aid, and a purchaser of U.S.
arms.
See also CRS Report RS21464, Morocco-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, by Raymond J. Ahearn and
CRS Report RS20962, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, by Carol Migdalovitz.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service
Contents
Government and Politics .............................................................................................................1
Terrorism...................................................................................................................................2
Human Rights .............................................................................................................................4
Economy ...................................................................................................................................6
Foreign Policy............................................................................................................................7
Western Sahara .....................................................................................................................8
Algeria.................................................................................................................................8
Europe .................................................................................................................................9
Middle East.........................................................................................................................10
Relations with the United States ................................................................................................ 11
Figures
Figure 1. Map of Morocco...........................................................................................................7
Tables
Table 1. Millennium Challenge Corporation Programs .............................................................12
Table 2. U.S. Foreign Assistance to Morocco............................................................................13
Table 3. U.S. Merchandise Trade with Morocco ......................................................................13
Contacts
Author Contact Information ......................................................................................................13
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 1
Government and Politics
The Moroccan royal dynasty has ruled the country since 1649. The reigning king, Mohammed VI,
ascended to the throne in 1999. He says that he is committed to building a democracy, but he
remains the pre-eminent state authority. The king chairs the Council of State that endorses all
legislation before it goes to parliament, appoints the prime minister and ministers of foreign
affairs, interior, defense, and Islamic affairs, and approves other ministers. He sets the agenda of
parliament in an annual Speech from the Throne, dissolves parliament, calls elections, and rules
by decree. The king also has a “shadow government” of royal advisors and is head of the military.
Reforms depend on the king’s will, and he has undertaken several hallmark liberalizing
initiatives. The king also is said to be tied to significant economic enterprises in the country.
The September 2002 election for the 325-seat Chamber of Representatives, a weak lower house
chosen by universal suffrage, was deemed the first free, fair, and transparent election ever held in
Morocco. The September 2007 election also met international standards, but only 37% of the
voters turned out and 19% cast blank ballots, reflecting widespread disillusionment with the
political process and popular understanding of the powerlessness of the legislature. The
nationalist Istiqlal (Independence) Party, Morocco’s oldest party, placed first. Its secretarygeneral,
Abbas al Fassi, became prime minister and formed a four-party coalition government
with a 34-member cabinet, including an unprecedented five women ministers. The moderate and
well-organized Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), also known as Al Misbah (the
beacon), had expected to win the election; it placed second and charged irregularities, but
accepted the legitimacy of the outcome. Some 23 parties and blocs plus independents are
represented in the current legislature.
In August 2008, Fouad Ali al Himma established the Party for Authenticity and Modernity
(PAM). Al Himma is a former classmate of King Mohammed VI and former deputy interior
minister. He was elected to parliament as an independent in 2007 and became chairman of its
Committee on Foreign, Defense, and Islamic Affairs. Al Himma has not assumed the leadership
of PAM; he is deputy leader and considered the party’s de facto head. In September 2008, PAM
formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Rally of Independents (RNI). It has sought
alliances with parties known to be recipients of royal patronage and won over many deputies who
defected from other parties. Although the party only won three seats in 2007, it now controls a
large bloc in parliament. PAM’s ideology is incoherent