تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

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رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

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December 20, 2010

Summary
The United States government views Morocco as a moderate Arab regime, an important ally
against terrorism, and a free trade partner. Congress is particularly interested in Morocco because
it is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign assistance to help it combat terror and to develop.
King Mohammed VI retains supreme power, but has taken some liberalizing steps with uncertain
effects. Since 2005, several elections have met international standards. National politics currently
seems focused on a developing rivalry between the Party for Authenticity and Modernity (PAM)
established in 2008 by a former classmate of the king and the moderately Islamist Justice and
Development Party (PJD) that previously had been on the rise.
The government is greatly concerned about terrorism because, after 9/11, Morocco experienced
several devastating terror attacks and Moroccan expatriates have been implicated in attacks and
plots overseas. Morocco takes a comprehensive approach to countering terror, involving security
measures, economic reforms, control of religious outlets, education, and international
cooperation. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), considered the greatest threat to the
North African region, has not mounted a successful attack in Morocco. However, individual
Moroccans have joined AQIM outside of the country and the group has attempted to use
Moroccan territory to smuggle drugs elsewhere.
Morocco’s human rights record is uneven as a number of abuses have been documented and the
Western Sahara issue has produced harsh suppression of activists and constraints on freedom of
expression. At the same time, the Family Code is a landmark initiative that could improve the
rights of women if fully implemented. The king has tried to provide a record of abuses
perpetrated before he ascended the throne in 1999 and to enhance the rights of Berbers, the
original inhabitants of the region. In 2010, questions about religious freedom arose when foreign
Christians were expelled for proselytizing in contravention of Morocco’s laws and some members
of Congress criticized the Moroccan government for this action.
Morocco has not been severely affected by the global economic crisis. It is concentrating on
economic reforms that could alleviate poverty as a way to prevent radicalization and terrorism. It
also has begun several major renewable energy projects to lessen dependence on foreign sources.
Morocco’s foreign policy focuses largely on France, Spain, and the United States. Morocco’s
relations with Algeria are troubled by the unresolved dispute over the Western Sahara, a territory
south of Morocco that Morocco largely occupies and views as an integral part of its national
territory. Algeria supports the POLISARIO Front in its quest for the region’s self-determination.
Morocco supports a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, considers Jerusalem to
be the future capital of a Palestinian state, and has criticized Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians.
Relations between Morocco and Israel are strained, but the link between them may be
unbreakable as about 600,000 Moroccan Jews are citizens of Israel. Morocco severed diplomatic
relations with Iran in 2009 ostensibly for bilateral reasons. Morocco cooperates with the United
States to counter terrorism, is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign aid, and a purchaser of U.S.
arms.
See also CRS Report RS21464, Morocco-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, by Raymond J. Ahearn and
CRS Report RS20962, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, by Carol Migdalovitz.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service​

Contents

Government and Politics .............................................................................................................1
Terrorism...................................................................................................................................2
Human Rights .............................................................................................................................4
Economy ...................................................................................................................................6
Foreign Policy............................................................................................................................7
Western Sahara .....................................................................................................................8
Algeria.................................................................................................................................8
Europe .................................................................................................................................9
Middle East.........................................................................................................................10
Relations with the United States ................................................................................................ 11
Figures
Figure 1. Map of Morocco...........................................................................................................7
Tables
Table 1. Millennium Challenge Corporation Programs .............................................................12
Table 2. U.S. Foreign Assistance to Morocco............................................................................13
Table 3. U.S. Merchandise Trade with Morocco ......................................................................13
Contacts
Author Contact Information ......................................................................................................13
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 1

Government and Politics
The Moroccan royal dynasty has ruled the country since 1649. The reigning king, Mohammed VI,
ascended to the throne in 1999. He says that he is committed to building a democracy, but he
remains the pre-eminent state authority. The king chairs the Council of State that endorses all
legislation before it goes to parliament, appoints the prime minister and ministers of foreign
affairs, interior, defense, and Islamic affairs, and approves other ministers. He sets the agenda of
parliament in an annual Speech from the Throne, dissolves parliament, calls elections, and rules
by decree. The king also has a “shadow government” of royal advisors and is head of the military.
Reforms depend on the king’s will, and he has undertaken several hallmark liberalizing
initiatives. The king also is said to be tied to significant economic enterprises in the country.
The September 2002 election for the 325-seat Chamber of Representatives, a weak lower house
chosen by universal suffrage, was deemed the first free, fair, and transparent election ever held in
Morocco. The September 2007 election also met international standards, but only 37% of the
voters turned out and 19% cast blank ballots, reflecting widespread disillusionment with the
political process and popular understanding of the powerlessness of the legislature. The
nationalist Istiqlal (Independence) Party, Morocco’s oldest party, placed first. Its secretarygeneral,
Abbas al Fassi, became prime minister and formed a four-party coalition government
with a 34-member cabinet, including an unprecedented five women ministers. The moderate and
well-organized Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), also known as Al Misbah (the
beacon), had expected to win the election; it placed second and charged irregularities, but
accepted the legitimacy of the outcome. Some 23 parties and blocs plus independents are
represented in the current legislature.
In August 2008, Fouad Ali al Himma established the Party for Authenticity and Modernity
(PAM). Al Himma is a former classmate of King Mohammed VI and former deputy interior
minister. He was elected to parliament as an independent in 2007 and became chairman of its
Committee on Foreign, Defense, and Islamic Affairs. Al Himma has not assumed the leadership
of PAM; he is deputy leader and considered the party’s de facto head. In September 2008, PAM
formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Rally of Independents (RNI). It has sought
alliances with parties known to be recipients of royal patronage and won over many deputies who
defected from other parties. Although the party only won three seats in 2007, it now controls a
large bloc in parliament. PAM’s ideology is incoherent
​

 

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رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

but its goals reportedly are to
“rationalize” the political landscape by diminishing the number of parties, encourage more
participation in politics, and challenge or marginalize the PJD.1 In May 2009, PAM pulled out of
the coalition government. The Movement Populaire (MP/Popular Movement) joined the
government and provided some stability as did some new appointments.
Few were surprised by PAM’s first place finish with 21.6% of the vote in elections for seats on
municipal councils on June 12, 2009, when PJD took sixth place. PAM also placed first in the
October 2, 2009 elections for one-third of the 270 seats in the Chamber of Counselors, the upper
house. PAM offers a sharp contrast to other parties, which are led by much older men who view
women with suspicion and probably put them on electoral lists mainly to meet official quotas, and
reach out to voters only before elections. Some politicians fear that PAM is a nascent state party
1 James Liddell, “Morocco: Modern Politics or Politics of Modernity?” Arab Reform Bulletin, Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, December 2008.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 2
similar to those in Egypt and Tunisia that might be used to dominate politics.2 Moreover, some
observers predict that Al Himma will be the next prime minister.
In reaction to the PAM’s momentum, the PJD and the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP)
formed an unusual alliance to run some local councils. It is unclear if this is a harbinger of future
cooperation on the national level. PAM and PJD also have sharpened their verbal sallies against
each other as they jockey for position in the public eye.
The Islamist Al Adl wal Ihsan (Justice and Charity/JCO), officially banned as a political
movement, is the largest grassroots organization in the country and is led by Shaykh Abdessalem
Yassine. It eschews violence and is considered more closely attuned to constituents than are the
political parties. JCO called for a boycott of the 2007 national election, arguing that participation
was pointless without constitutional reform—ostensibly aimed at diminishing the role of the
monarchy. It often conveys its views in street demonstrations, for example, against the Family
Code, in support of the Palestinians and against Israel, etc. The authorities periodically arrest JCO
members and break up the group’s meetings.
Terrorism
The monarchy often asserted that its claimed descent from the Prophet Mohammed was a shield
against Islamist militancy. This belief was shattered after September 11, 2001, as expatriate
Moroccans have been implicated in terrorism abroad, and Morocco has suffered from terrorism at
home. Morocco has tried to distance itself from its expatriates, blaming their experiences in exile
for their radicalization.3 Numerous small, isolated, tactically limited, extremist cells, which
adhere to the Salafiya Jihadiya (Reformist Holy War/“Jihadist”) ideology, are viewed as the main
threat to Morocco’s domestic security.4
In February 2003, Osama Bin Laden listed Morocco among the “oppressive, unjust, apostate
ruling governments,” which he characterized as “enslaved by America” and, therefore, “most
eligible for liberation.”5 To some observers, this fatwa or religious edict appeared to trigger
attacks in Morocco on May 16, 2003, in which 14 suicide bombers identified as Salafiya Jihadiya
adherents linked to the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM) and Al Qaeda attacked five
Western and Jewish targets in Casablanca, killing 45 and injuring more than 100. A large GICM
network later was implicated in the March 2004 Madrid train bombings, for which two
Moroccans were convicted in Spain. (A Moroccan court convicted one of their accomplices.)
Moroccans suspected of GICM affiliation were arrested in several European countries. In 2005,
2 Socialist Union of Popular Forces politician Idriss Lashgar, quoted in Africa Research Bulletin, October 1-21, 2008,
p. 17714.
3 Noteworthy developments abroad include the trial of two Moroccans for aiding the 9/11 terrorists in German courts
and the revelation that a Moroccan imam was “the spiritual father of the Hamburg cell” that helped execute and support
the 9/11 attacks. A French-Moroccan, Zacarias Moussaoui, was tried in the United States as the 20th hijacker for 9/11.
In addition, 18 Moroccans allegedly linked to Al Qaeda in Afghanistan were detained at the U.S. Naval Station in
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; three remain there. Returnees have been convicted in Moroccan courts.
4 Such cells perpetrated their major attacks in 2002, with the murders of locals who had committed “impure acts” such
as drinking alcohol. In 2003, Moroccan courts convicted a jihadist spiritual leader, who had fought in Afghanistan and
praised the 9/11 attacks and Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden of inciting violence against Westerners.
5 “Moroccans Say Al Qaeda Masterminded and Financed Casablanca Suicide Bombings,” New York Times, May 23,
2003.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 3
the U.S. State Department designated GICM as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO), but the
department now states that “much of the GICM’s leadership in Morocco and Europe has been
killed, imprisoned, or are awaiting trial.”6 The Moroccan government convicted the group’s
alleged leader in absentia for his role in the Casablanca attacks, but he remains free in exile in the
United Kingdom, which found insufficient evidence against him.7
Moroccan and European authorities continue to disrupt cells that they say are linked to Al Qaeda
in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM, also known as Al Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb
(AQLIM)), formerly the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), a group originating in
Algeria with regional ambitions. AQIM has not perpetrated a successful terrorist attack in
Morocco, where its threat has stemmed mainly from the potential transfer of operational
capabilities to inexperienced radicals and from its active efforts to recruit and incite Moroccans.
In November 2010, however, Moroccan authorities seized 34 Moroccans and hundreds of pounds
of cocaine that they allegedly were transporting from Algeria and Mauritania through Morocco.
Those apprehended were linked to AQIM, which some analysts consider a hybrid
criminal/terrorist group. In addition, Moroccans reportedly have joined AQIM at camps in Algeria
and elsewhere outside of the country.
In April 2007, two suicide attacks occurred near the U.S. Consulate and the American Language
Center in Casablanca; the bombers killed only themselves. In September 2009, Moroccan security
services arrested 24 suspects who allegedly were linked to a terrorist network linked to Al Qaeda
that specialized in recruiting volunteers for Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan. Moroccans have
fought with insurgents in Iraq.
Morocco is cooperating with U.S. and European agencies to counter terrorism at home and
abroad. The U.S. State Department recognized that in 2009:
The Moroccan government pursued a comprehensive counterterrorism approach that,
building on popular rejection of terrorism, emphasized neutralizing existing terrorist cells
through traditional intelligence work and preemptive security measures. Morocco
aggressively targeted and dismantled terrorist cells within the Kingdom by leveraging
intelligence collection, police work, and collaboration with regional and other international
partners. These efforts resulted in the disruption of several terrorist groups.8
To counter radical Islamism, Morocco also has exerted greater control over religious leaders and
councils, created new theological councils, retrained imams, deployed supervisors to oversee their
sermons, closed unregulated mosques, retrained and rehabilitated some individuals convicted of
terror-related crimes to correct their understanding of Islam, and launched radio and television
stations and a website to transmit “Moroccan religious values” of tolerance. In 2005, the king
launched a $1.2 billion National Initiative for Human Development to redress socioeconomic
conditions extremists exploit for recruitment. Observers have questioned its effectiveness.
Morocco’s counterterrorism efforts have emphasized international cooperation, particularly with
the United States and European governments. However, Algeria has taken the lead in promoting
regional cooperation to counter terrorism and has excluded Morocco from those endeavors due to
6 U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Terrorism 2009, released on August 5, 2010,
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/cret/2009/index.htm.
7 Olivier Guitta, “Alive and Well and Living in London,” Weekly Standard, May 7, 2007.
8 Country Reports, op. cit.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 4
ongoing differences over the Western Sahara issue (see “Western Sahara,” below ). Nonetheless,
Rabat shares the view of its neighbors and the United States that Al Qaeda in the Islamic
Maghreb (AQIM) is the main threat to the region. Morocco has worked with its southern
neighbor, Mauritania, about improving coordination on that subject as well as combating drug
smuggling and illegal immigration, and also has reached out to Senegal.
Human Rights
The U.S. State Department described the human rights situation in Morocco in 2009 in the
following way:
Citizens did not have the right to change the constitutional provisions establishing their
monarchical form of government or the establishment of Islam as the state religion. There
were reports of torture and other abuses by various branches of the security forces. Prison
conditions remained below international standards. Reports of arbitrary arrests,
incommunicado detentions, and police and security force impunity continued. Politics, as
well as corruption and inefficiency, influenced the judiciary, which was not fully
independent. The government restricted press freedoms. Corruption was a serious problem in
all branches of government. Child labor, particularly in the unregulated informal sector,
remained a problem, and trafficking in persons continued.9
Freedom House’s Freedom in the World 2010 survey concludes that Morocco is a “partly free”
country, and also noted a downward trend owing to “increased concentration of power in the
hands of political elites aligned with the monarchy.”10
Nonetheless, the king has undertaken several initiatives that are marked advances in selected
areas of human rights practices. Most notably, parliament enacted revolutionary changes to the
Family Code or Moudawana in January 2004, making polygamy rare by requiring permission of
a judge and the man’s first wife, raising the legal age for marriage for girls to 18, and simplifying
divorce procedures for women, among other changes to improve the status of women. However,
family court judges have not applied the law strictly and women continue to suffer from
inequality and violence.11 The king also created an Equity and Reconciliation Commission to
provide an historical record of abuses before 1999, to account for the “disappeared,” and to
compensate victims. In 2001, he launched a dialogue on Berber culture, and the government has
since authorized the teaching of Berber dialects, issued a textbook in Berber, and launched a
state-funded Amazigh (Berber dialect) TV channel.12
The Moroccan Penal Code prohibits proselytizing to Muslims and the government expels foreign
Christians or declares them persona non grata for violation of the law, without prosecuting them
or affording them due process. Some U.S. Christian groups have criticized enforcement of the
law, such as in March 2010, when the government expelled 16 foreign Christian volunteers,
including some Americans, who had run a charity center/orphanage in Ifrane, in the Atlas
9 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2009, Morocco, March 11, 2010, accessible
at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136075.htm.
10 See http://www.freedomhouse.org.
11 “Morocco: New Law, Same Old Men,” Inter Press News Service, July 31, 2009, see also Steven Erlanger and Souad
Mekhennet, “Law Empowering Women Leaves Many Behind,” International Herald Tribune, August 20, 2009.
12 The Berbers are the original inhabitants of North Africa before the Arabs invaded in the 8th century.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 5
Mountains, for some 10 years. Other similar expulsions also have taken place, and some of those
targeted have alleged that an unprecedented number of deportations have been occurring in recent
years.13 The U.S. State Department reports that approximately 150 Christian foreign residents
from 19 countries were expelled in 2009.14
After the May 2003 terrorist attacks in Casablanca, parliament passed antiterrorism laws to define
terrorist crimes and establish procedures for tracking terrorist finances. Human rights activists
expressed concern about their legislative restrictions on the press, detention without charge, and
reduced requirements for the death penalty. Other observers questioned whether elements in the
regime were using the threat of Islamist terror to roll back reforms. Some worried that detention
may create radicals who will eventually be released into society.15 The Committee to Protect​

 

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رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

Journalists, among others, has criticized the regime for its backsliding with regard to freedom of
expression over the past several years. The European Union also has called on Morocco to carry
out more reforms in area of human rights, particularly freedom of expression.
Problems with human rights practices in Morocco also are present in the Western Sahara issue as
seen in the case of Aminatou Haidar, an advocate for Sahraoui self-determination.16 When she
returned from receiving a human rights prize in the United States in November 2009, Haidar
wrote “Western Sahara” as her address on customs forms to re-enter Laayoune (alt: El Ayoun or
Al Ayun), but the authorities rejected the forms, claimed that she had thereby renounced her
citizenship, confiscated her passport, and expelled her to the Spanish Canary Islands. Haidar then
went on a highly publicized 32-day hunger strike. After reported pressure from the United States,
Haidar was allowed into Laayoune in what Moroccan authorities described as “a humanitarian
gesture.”17 Over the years, Morocco has imprisoned other Sahraoui activists for alleged
association with the POLISARIO Front actions which have attracted criticism from international
human rights groups that has been less sensational than the Haidar case. The Moroccan’s
government sensitivity concerning the Western Sahara issue also has prompted it to treat
journalists reporting on the issue harshly and to suspend the activities of domestic and foreign
media outlets accused of “irresponsible” conduct. The government terms their offenses threats to
the country’s territorial integrity. Finally, there has been international condemnation of the
excessively forceful way in which Moroccan security forces dismantled a Sahraoui protest camp
near Laayoune in November 2010, resulting in deaths, injuries, and arrests. The exact number of
casualties is unknown due to Morocco’s control of information from the region.
Finally, the U.S. State Department judges Morocco to be a Tier 2 country with regard to
trafficking in persons as it is “a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and
children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced
prostitution.” The government “does not comply with the minimum standards for the elimination
of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so.”18
13 “Morocco Expels Christian Missionaries,” Global Post, March 12, 2010.
14 See U.S. State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom
Report 2010, Released November 17, 2010, accessible at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148834.htm.
15 Jill Carroll, “Morocco’s Harder Line on Security Challenges Reforms,” Christian Science Monitor, April 9, 2007.
16 See “Western Sahara” below and CRS Report RS20962, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, by Carol
Migdalovitz for more on the issue.
17 “Saharan Activist’s Return to Morocco “Humanitarian” – Spokesman,” MAP News Agency (Rabat) December 19,
2009, BBC Monitoring Middle East.
18 U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010, released June 14, 2010, accessible at
(continued...)
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 6
Economy
Large portions of Morocco’s gross domestic product (19.2%) and labor force (44.6%) continue to
depend on agriculture and are vulnerable to rainfall fluctuations.19 Through internal and Western
Saharan mines, Morocco controls 75% of the world phosphate market and is the world’s leading
exporter of phosphates, which are used in fertilizers. The phosphate industry and much of the
economy are dominated by the royal family and the so-called “500 families” who control large,
multi-sectoral holding companies and are close to the monarchy.
Services and tourism are considered growth
sectors, with tourism and remittances from
abroad providing foreign exchange.
Remittances from an estimated 3 million
expatriates, mainly in France, Spain, Italy, and
Belgium, account for about 9% of the gross
national product.
The public sector remains large, although
there is a successful, if erratic, privatization
program. Foreign direct investment has grown
despite the impediments of excessive red tape
and corruption.20
Economic growth and reforms have been
insufficient to reduce unemployment,
especially of the young, and poverty, which
drive Moroccans abroad and provide a
breeding ground for radicalization. The
current government’s goals include achieving 6% gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate,
creating 250,000 new jobs, and building 150,000 housing units a year until 2013. While perhaps
overambitious, these targets reflect the government’s intent to combat poverty, unemployment,
and terrorism. The government’s plans have been affected by the global financial crisis/recession,
which has resulted in thousands of job losses in textiles and automotives, as well as in decreases
in tourist spending, expatriate remittances, and exports, especially phosphates. In 2009, however,
a surge in cereal crop yields offset these difficulties and helped produce positive growth. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated, “Morocco’s financial system is sound, with limited
exposure to international markets. Thus, the direct impact of the global crisis on Morocco has
been mild.”21
(...continued)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm.
19 CIA, The World Factbook, November 24, 2010.
20 The U.S. State Department reported that in 2008 “corruption was a serious problem in all branches of government.”
U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2008, Morocco, February 25, 2009. Morocco
is ranked 85 out of 178 countries on the Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2010, available at
http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010.
21 “Morocco Faced Global Meltdown from Strong Position, IMF Says,” Agence Maghreb Arabe Presse (Rabat),
February 17, 2010.
Morocco: Basic Facts
Population: 31.6 million (July 2010 est.)
Gross Domestic Product growth rate: 4.9% (2009 est.)
Gross Domestic Product per capita: $4,600 (2009 est.)
Inflation: 1% (2009 est.)
Unemployment: 9.1% (2009 est.)
Exports:
clothing, electronic components, inorganic chemicals,
transistors, crude minerals, fertilizers (including
phosphates), petroleum products, fruit, and vegetables
Imports:
crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications
equipment, wheat, gas and electricity
Major Trading Partners:
France, Spain, Italy, China, Germany, United States,
Saudi Arabia
Source: CIA, The World Factbook, November 24, 2010.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 7
In February 2010, the government unveiled a $206 million state-guaranteed public-private sector
fund to increase the competitiveness of key industrial sectors by financing credits, banking
services, and real estate costs. Targeted sectors include automobiles, technologies, aeronautics,
services, and telecommunications. The fund hopes to create up to 220,000 jobs and boost overall
development.
Oil price increases have detrimental effects on the economy because imports supply 97% of the
country’s energy needs. This situation has prompted Morocco to adopt a proactive approach to
finding renewable energy sources with the goal of producing 42% of the country’s electrical
capacity from them by 2020. In November 2009, the government announced plans to invest more
than $9 billion to install 2,000 megawatts of solar power. It also expressed interest in an
ambitious European plan, called Desertec, to draw solar power from the Sahara. In June 2010, the
king inaugurated a $300 million wind/165 turbine farm off Tangiers to generate 140 megawatts of
energy when completed. Morocco’s reported plans to pursue a domestic nuclear energy program
have not advanced beyond the consideration and planning phase.
Foreign Policy
Figure 1. Map of Morocco
Source: Map Resources. Adapted by CRS.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 8
Western Sahara
The dispute between Morocco and the independence-seeking Popular Front for the Liberation of
Saqiat al-Hamra and Rio de Oro (POLISARIO) over the former Spanish colony south of Morocco
remains unresolved. Morocco occupies 80% of the Western Sahara, considers the region its three
southern provinces, will only accept a solution that guarantees it sovereignty over “the whole of
its territories,” and will only negotiate on that basis. The king submitted an autonomy plan for the
region to the U.N. in April 2007, and Moroccan and POLISARIO negotiators met four times
under U.N. auspices in 2007 and 2008.22 In line with his autonomy initiative, King Mohammed
VI has pursued policies of decentralization or regionalization that he says are intended to
empower residents of his Saharan provinces. On April 10, 2007, then Under Secretary of State
Nicholas Burns stated that the United States considers the Moroccan autonomy plan for the
Western Sahara “serious and credible.” In 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said
that U.S. policy on the issue is unchanged and she called on Morocco and Algeria to engage in
unconditional negotiations.
The current Personal Envoy of the U.N. Secretary General for the Western Sahara, former U.S.
Ambassador Christopher Ross, was appointed in January 2009. He has tried to obtain greater
support from interested countries, such as France, made several trips to the region for
consultations, and held informal meetings with the parties in August 2009 and on several
occasions in 2010, but he has not reported any progress on core issues. Neither Morocco nor the
POLISARIO has shown interest in a compromise. Morocco believes that its autonomy initiative
is itself a compromise.
As noted above, Morocco’s policy on the Western Sahara issue has been accompanied by or
enforced with human rights abuses both in Morocco and in the Western Sahara. (See “Human
Rights,” above.)
In October 2001, Morocco authorized French and U.S. oil companies to explore off the Saharan
coast, and the prospect of discoveries, as yet unrealized, may have hardened Morocco’s resolve to
retain the region.
Algeria
Morocco and Algeria are the largest countries in North Africa and are neighbors, but they had
different colonial experiences and emerged as rivals with distinctly different forms of
government. Algeria achieved its independence via a bloody revolution and emerged as a republic
with military or military-influenced governments. Morocco is a centuries-old monarchy that made
a more peaceful transition from French control. Shortly after Algeria became independent,
Morocco laid claim to some Algerian territory, and they went to war for about five months in
1963-1964. The border was not demarcated until 1972.
The Western Sahara is now the main impediment to improving their bilateral relations and to
reviving the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), a loose organization of Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria,
Mauritania, and Libya. Morocco refuses to compromise on the Western Sahara issue for the sake
of bilateral relations or the UMA. Algeria hosts and backs the POLISARIO. In July 2004, the
22 For text of plan, see http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/sahara_issue__full_t/view.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 9
king abolished visa requirements for Algerians entering Morocco; in April 2006, Algerian
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika reciprocated the gesture. Since 2008, Morocco has repeatedly
requested that Algeria reopen their land border, but Algeria refuses to do so on the grounds that it
would be detrimental to its national security and benefit Morocco more than Algeria.
Europe
Morocco’s Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) came into force on March 1,
2000, and is supposed to lead to a free trade agreement by 2012. In October 2008, Morocco
became the first southern Mediterranean country to be granted “advanced status relations” by the
EU, opening up EU markets more for Moroccan products. Morocco participates in the EU’s Euro-
Mediterranean Partnership and its Neighborhood Policy Plan and receives considerable EU aid—
€190 million ($265 million ) annually. In March 2010, Morocco and the EU held their first
summit, which Prime Minister Abbas al Fassi, EU President Herman Van Rompuy, and European
Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, among others, attended. Illegal immigration of
Moroccans and of sub-Saharan Africans transiting Morocco to Europe and drug (cannabis)-
trafficking have caused friction in Moroccan-European relations. High unemployment drives
Moroccan youths to Europe and EU-funded programs to shift farmers in the underdeveloped Rif
Mountains from cannabis cultivation to alternative crops have not been successful.
Morocco traditionally has had good relations with France and Spain, its former colonizers.
Relations with France, Morocco’s largest trading partner, are particularly close. Paris officially
supports U.N. efforts to resolve the Western Sahara dispute and Morocco’s autonomy proposal for
the region, and blocks Security Council initiatives on the matter that Morocco rejects. In turn,
Morocco has been a strong supporter of the EU’s Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) that Paris
initiated, but that has faced obstacles due to Arab objections to Israel’s participation.
Morocco’s relations with Spain have been intermittently discordant. Spain possesses two
territorial enclaves on Morocco’s Mediterranean coast, Ceuta and Melilla, that are vestiges of
colonialism, are claimed by Morocco, and sometimes causes of bilateral tensions, as are other
territorial disputes, and the Western Sahara issue. In October 2001, Morocco recalled its
ambassador from Madrid after pro-Saharan groups in Spain conducted a mock referendum on the
fate of the region. In July 2002, Spanish troops ejected Moroccan soldiers from the uninhabited
Perejel/Parsley or Leila Island off the Moroccan coast that Spain says it has controlled for
centuries. Diplomatic ties were not restored until January 2003. That July, Morocco complained
that Spain lacked neutrality on the Sahara issue when it chaired the Security Council and, in
October, Spain suspended arms sales to Morocco due to the Perejel crisis. Spanish Prime Minister
Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero visited Morocco in April 2004, and King Juan Carlos I visited in
January 2005; on both occasions, joint statements called for a negotiated settlement to the Sahara
issue—the Moroccan position. However, visits to Ceuta and Melilla by the Spanish prime
minister in January 2006 and monarchs in November 2007 again set back relations. The two
neighbors also have an unresolved dispute concerning territorial waters between Morocco and the
Spanish Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco’s “super port” at Tangiers will pose
competition that concerns Spanish ports. Financed by Gulf countries, its construction began in
June 2009 and it is expected to achieve full capacity in 2014.
Territorial disputes, despite their drama, appear secondary to the continuing and productive
cooperation of Morocco and Spain in countering terrorism, drug trafficking, and illegal
immigration. Morocco notably assisted Spanish authorities in the investigation of the March 2004
bombings in Madrid and this relationship continues. Moroccan soldiers have served under
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 10
Spanish command in the U.N. stabilization mission in Haiti and Moroccan gendarmes have
j​

oined Spanish patrols to combat illegal immigration in the Strait of Gibraltar

 

[ثعلب الصحراء]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

Middle East
The king chairs the Jerusalem Committee of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and
supports international efforts to achieve a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
resulting in a viable, contiguous, Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. He recognizes
President Mahmud Abbas as the legitimate leader of the Palestinian people in Abbas’s dispute
with Hamas and urges Palestinian national unity in order to achieve their rights.
Morocco closed Israel’s liaison bureau in Morocco and Morocco’s office in Tel Aviv in reaction
to Israel’s conduct during the Palestinian intifadah (uprising) in 2001.The offices have not
reopened. Morocco condemned Israel’s conduct against Palestinian civilians during its December
2008/January 2009 military operation against Hamas in the Gaza Strip, and Moroccan political
groups of all stripes held some of the largest rallies in the Arab world in protest. In October 2009,
Mohammed VI called on “the international community … to exert pressure on Israel to make it
cease its oppressive practices directed against the helpless Palestinian people, and to compel it to
return forthwith to the negotiating table, comply with UN resolutions.”23 In November, Foreign
Minister Taieb Fassi Fihri said that normalization of relations with Israel was not on the table
under current conditions and that Morocco continued to support that Arab Peace Initiative—
which promised Israel full normalization of relations in exchange for its withdrawal from all Arab
territories. The foreign ministry has denounced Israel’s settlement activity in east Jerusalem and
its attack on a flotilla attempting to deliver aid to the Gaza Strip in May 2010. In October 2010,
Israeli President Shimon Peres cancelled a visit to Morocco for the World Economic Forum
because he could not get a guaranteed meeting with the king.
However, the king and others had maintained contacts with Israeli officials until the current
government took power in Jerusalem. In August 2005, he personally congratulated Prime
Minister Ariel Sharon on Israel’s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The bilateral link may be
unbreakable because some 600,000 Israelis are of Moroccan origin, and about 25,000 of them
travel to Morocco yearly. (There are about 5,000 Moroccan Jews still in Morocco.)
In March 2009, Morocco severed diplomatic relations with Iran, blaming it for “intolerable
interference in the internal affairs of the Kingdom.” The Foreign Ministry accused the Iranian
Embassy in Rabat of seeking to spread Shi’a Islam in the 99% Sunni kingdom. It also charged
Iranian officials with making unacceptable remarks following Morocco’s expression of solidarity
with Bahrain in the face of Iran’s claim to Bahrain.24 The situation rapidly deteriorated. Tehran
charged that Morocco’s decision harmed “the unity of the Islamic world” and the solidarity
needed to support the Palestinian people. Rabat rejected the allegation and argued that, “Iran is
not qualified to speak for the Islamic world.... Morocco does not need lessons from Iran or
anybody else to show solidarity with the Palestinian people.”25 Shortly after the dispute began,
23 “King Calls for Pressure on Israel to Comply with UN Resolutions,” Maghreb Arabe Presse, October 28, 2009, Open
Source Center Document GMP20091028950071,
24 Statement of Moroccan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, MAP News Agency, March 6, 2009, BBC
Monitoring Newsfile.
25 “Moroccan Government Spokesman on Reasons Behind Severing Ties with Iran,” Al-Quds al-Arabi, March 9, 2009,
BBC Monitoring Middle East.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 11
King Mohammed VI acknowledged the Holocaust in a speech read in his name at a ceremony in
Paris, thereby indirectly answering Iranian President Mahmud Ahmadinejad’s Holocaust denials.
It was said that the speech was the first time an Arab leader took such a stand on the Holocaust.26
Relations with the United States
The United States and Morocco have long-term, good relations. Successive Administrations, of
both political parties, have viewed Morocco as a steady and close ally and as a moderate Arab
state that supports the Arab-Israeli peace process. In January 2009, King Mohammed VI
congratulated President Obama on his election and seized the opportunity “to say how satisfied I
am with the special strategic partnership between the Kingdom of Morocco and the United States
of America.”27 On April 8, after meeting Foreign Minister Fassi Fihri, Secretary of State Clinton
said, “We are so committed to our relationship and have a very high regard for the extraordinary
progress that has taken place in Morocco ... and we look forward to deepening and strengthening
our relationship.” 28
In 2004, President Bush designated Morocco a major non-NATO ally. Morocco is part of NATO’s
Mediterranean Dialogue, has hosted and participated in NATO military exercises, and has joined
NATO’s Operation Active Endeavor, monitoring the Mediterranean Sea for terrorists. In addition,
bilateral U.S.-Moroccan military exercises are held regularly. Morocco also is cooperating in the
U.S. Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP).
Morocco is seeking to diversify its arms sources, a program that is benefitting U.S. companies.
Recent purchases have included 24 F-16 aircraft, 2 T6 training aircraft, 90 AGM-D Maverick airto-
ground missiles, 200 Abrams M1A1 tanks, and AN/AVS 9 night vision goggles. Advanced AM
120-C7 air-to-air medium-range missiles systems and 26 advanced M198 155 mm towed guns are
on order, with delivery expected in 2011. Morocco also acquired a Gulfstream G550 aircraft for
secure royal flights.
Bilateral ties have been strengthened by cooperation in the fight against terrorism and improving
trade relations. An FBI team helped investigate the Casablanca bombings, and the FBI and CIA
Directors have visited Rabat for consultations. A free trade agreement (FTA) with Morocco, P.L.
108-302, August 17, 2004, came into effect on January 1, 2006.
The United States has increased aid to Morocco to assist with countering terrorism,
democratization, fighting poverty, and the FTA. The Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI)
administers some U.S. assistance funds, including programs to empower women, create jobs,
improve education, build trade union capacity, enhance fiscal and trade policies, and further
judicial and legal reform. Those directed at youth are intended to help prevent radicalization.
In August 2007, the Millennium Challenge Corporation Board approved a five-year, $697.5
million grant for Morocco to encourage economic growth by stimulating productivity and
increasing employment levels. In June 2010, the congressional Tom Lantos Human Rights
26 Alfred de Montesquiou, “Morocco Challenges Middle East’s Holocaust Mindset,” Associated Press, July 27, 2009.
27 “King Congratulates Barack Obama on Investiture, MAP news Agency, January 20, 2009, BBC Monitoring Middle
East.
28 Remarks with Moroccan Foreign Minister Dr. Taieb Fassi Fihri before their Meeting, April 8, 2009,
http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/04/121509.htm.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 12
Commission held hearings on Morocco’s expulsion of American Christians in March 2010.
Representative Frank Wolf urged suspension of Millennium funding “to a nation which blatantly
disregards the rights of American citizens residing in Morocco and forcibly expels American
citizens without due process of law.”29
Table 1. Millennium Challenge Corporation Programs
(in millions of dollars)
Program Amount
Fruit Tree Productivity $300.90
Small Scale Fisheries $116.70
Artisan and Fez Medina $111.87
Financial Services $46.20
Enterprise Support $33.50
Source: Millennium Challenge Corporation Announcement, October 12, 2007.
Note: The figures in the chart only total $609.17 million.
29 Hannah Armstrong, “Christians Expelled, Morocco and US Spar over Religious Freedom,” Christian Science
Monitor, June 17, 2010. The Senate expressed its concerns on the issue in S.Rept. 111-237, July 29, 2010, to
accompany S. 3676, State-Foreign Operations Appropriations Act, 2011. “The Committee on Appropriations directs
the Secretary of State to submit a report not later than 45 days after enactment of this act, detailing steps taken by the
Government of Morocco in the previous 12 months on human rights, including deportation of U.S. citizens in Morocco
without due process of law, and whether it is allowing all persons to advocate freely their views regarding the status
and future of the Western Sahara through the exercise of their rights to peaceful expression and association, and to
document violations of human rights in the territory without harassment.”
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 13
Table 2. U.S. Foreign Assistance to Morocco
(in thousands of dollars)
FY2008 Actual FY2009 Actual FY2010 Estimated FY2011 Request
ESF 15,374 0 3,000 3,000
FMF 3,625 3,655 9,000 9,000
IMET 1,713 1,916 1,800 1,900
INCLE 496 1,000 750 3,000
NADR 1,119 625 1,200 Not Available
DA 4,136 18,000 19,546 24,500
1207 5,080
Totals 26,463 30,276 35,396 41,400
Notes: FMF=Foreign Military Financing, ESF=Economic Support Funds, IMET=International Military Education
and Training, INCLE=International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, NADR=Non-Proliferation, Antiterrorism,
Demining, and Related Activities, DA=Development Assistance. 1207 funds are appropriated for the Department
of Defense and transferred to the State Department for “Stabilization and Security.”30
Source: U.S. Agency for International Development, Congressional Notification, July 13, 2010, U.S. AID FY2011
Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations.
Table 3. U.S. Merchandise Trade with Morocco
(in millions of dollars)
2008 2009 1-9/2010
Exports to Morocco 1297.55 1,457.3 929,969
Imports from Morocco 812.0 425.9 457.8
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, via Global Trade Atlas database. (Compiled by J.
Michael Donnelly, KSG/CRS.)​

 

[مقاتل الصحراء المغربية]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

تحياتي لك تعلب الصحراء تقييم أضن أنني أعطيتك أكتر من 5 تقييمات بارك الله فيك

 

[ثعلب الصحراء]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

تحياتي لك تعلب الصحراء تقييم أضن أنني أعطيتك أكتر من 5 تقييمات بارك الله فيك

شكرا لكم وانا جد اسف لعدم تقديمي المزيد

 

[Adham]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

ماذا عن الكوبام ؟؟ chobham من أبرز ما يحمي الأبرامز درعها وأظن أن أمريكا لم تسلم هذه التكنولوجية لمصر.

ما مصدرك؟؟
علي العموم أمريكا عرضت علينا درع اليورانيوم ورفضنا
ونحن نصنع المواد المركبه الخاصه بالدروع المصريه,,دروع خاصه بنا ........
​

 

[ثعلب الصحراء]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

ما مصدرك؟؟
علي العموم أمريكا عرضت علينا درع اليورانيوم ورفضنا
ونحن نصنع المواد المركبه الخاصه بالدروع المصريه,,دروع خاصه بنا ........
​

ما المصدر
انا اسمع ان لمصر صناعات عسكرية ولاكن معضم هده الاقوال بدون مصدر الى بعد المعلومات القليلة

 

[نسر الاطلس]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

تشكر عزيزي على المصـدر المـوثوق ،
لكن لمذا لم يقتني المغرب النسخة المتطورة من الأبرامز ؟ m1a2 ؟؟

مشكور أخي الكريم

 

[Adham]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

ما المصدر
انا اسمع ان لمصر صناعات عسكرية ولاكن معضم هده الاقوال بدون مصدر الى بعد المعلومات القليلة

في أخر لقاء للسيد مشعل
قال أننا نصنع المواد المركبه الخاصه بالدروع,,ليس صعبا أبدا,,
مصر صناعتها العسكريه بدأت من 60 سنه ياريس....:ANSmile04[1]:
​

 

[Général d'Armée Aérienne]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

شيئ جميل جدا وقرار حكيم سيعزز من القوة الدفاعية للمملكة 30[1]:

 

[ثعلب سيبيريا]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

لا أتفق معك أخي في هذه النقطة فكلامك لاينطبق على كل الدول العربية وهناك أمثلة حية

الذي اعرفه ان امريكا تعامل جميع العرب بالمثل واذا كانت علاقة المغرب بأمريكا اقوي من علاقتها بباقي الدول العربيه وستعطيها اسلحه متقدمه وبدون انقاص تكنلوجيتها فهذا خبر مفرح

ونقول مبروك للمغرب اقتناء الابرمز

وشكراُ لردك اخي الفاضل moroccan sniper

 

[نسر الاطلس]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

هاهو يا اخي اقرءه على راحتك انت وجميع اعضاء المنتدى

December 20, 2010

Summary
The United States government views Morocco as a moderate Arab regime, an important ally
against terrorism, and a free trade partner. Congress is particularly interested in Morocco because
it is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign assistance to help it combat terror and to develop.
King Mohammed VI retains supreme power, but has taken some liberalizing steps with uncertain
effects. Since 2005, several elections have met international standards. National politics currently
seems focused on a developing rivalry between the Party for Authenticity and Modernity (PAM)
established in 2008 by a former classmate of the king and the moderately Islamist Justice and
Development Party (PJD) that previously had been on the rise.
The government is greatly concerned about terrorism because, after 9/11, Morocco experienced
several devastating terror attacks and Moroccan expatriates have been implicated in attacks and
plots overseas. Morocco takes a comprehensive approach to countering terror, involving security
measures, economic reforms, control of religious outlets, education, and international
cooperation. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), considered the greatest threat to the
North African region, has not mounted a successful attack in Morocco. However, individual
Moroccans have joined AQIM outside of the country and the group has attempted to use
Moroccan territory to smuggle drugs elsewhere.
Morocco’s human rights record is uneven as a number of abuses have been documented and the
Western Sahara issue has produced harsh suppression of activists and constraints on freedom of
expression. At the same time, the Family Code is a landmark initiative that could improve the
rights of women if fully implemented. The king has tried to provide a record of abuses
perpetrated before he ascended the throne in 1999 and to enhance the rights of Berbers, the
original inhabitants of the region. In 2010, questions about religious freedom arose when foreign
Christians were expelled for proselytizing in contravention of Morocco’s laws and some members
of Congress criticized the Moroccan government for this action.
Morocco has not been severely affected by the global economic crisis. It is concentrating on
economic reforms that could alleviate poverty as a way to prevent radicalization and terrorism. It
also has begun several major renewable energy projects to lessen dependence on foreign sources.
Morocco’s foreign policy focuses largely on France, Spain, and the United States. Morocco’s
relations with Algeria are troubled by the unresolved dispute over the Western Sahara, a territory
south of Morocco that Morocco largely occupies and views as an integral part of its national
territory. Algeria supports the POLISARIO Front in its quest for the region’s self-determination.
Morocco supports a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, considers Jerusalem to
be the future capital of a Palestinian state, and has criticized Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians.
Relations between Morocco and Israel are strained, but the link between them may be
unbreakable as about 600,000 Moroccan Jews are citizens of Israel. Morocco severed diplomatic
relations with Iran in 2009 ostensibly for bilateral reasons. Morocco cooperates with the United
States to counter terrorism, is a recipient of considerable U.S. foreign aid, and a purchaser of U.S.
arms.
See also CRS Report RS21464, Morocco-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, by Raymond J. Ahearn and
CRS Report RS20962, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, by Carol Migdalovitz.
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service​

Contents

Government and Politics .............................................................................................................1
Terrorism...................................................................................................................................2
Human Rights .............................................................................................................................4
Economy ...................................................................................................................................6
Foreign Policy............................................................................................................................7
Western Sahara .....................................................................................................................8
Algeria.................................................................................................................................8
Europe .................................................................................................................................9
Middle East.........................................................................................................................10
Relations with the United States ................................................................................................ 11
Figures
Figure 1. Map of Morocco...........................................................................................................7
Tables
Table 1. Millennium Challenge Corporation Programs .............................................................12
Table 2. U.S. Foreign Assistance to Morocco............................................................................13
Table 3. U.S. Merchandise Trade with Morocco ......................................................................13
Contacts
Author Contact Information ......................................................................................................13
Morocco: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service 1

Government and Politics
The Moroccan royal dynasty has ruled the country since 1649. The reigning king, Mohammed VI,
ascended to the throne in 1999. He says that he is committed to building a democracy, but he
remains the pre-eminent state authority. The king chairs the Council of State that endorses all
legislation before it goes to parliament, appoints the prime minister and ministers of foreign
affairs, interior, defense, and Islamic affairs, and approves other ministers. He sets the agenda of
parliament in an annual Speech from the Throne, dissolves parliament, calls elections, and rules
by decree. The king also has a “shadow government” of royal advisors and is head of the military.
Reforms depend on the king’s will, and he has undertaken several hallmark liberalizing
initiatives. The king also is said to be tied to significant economic enterprises in the country.
The September 2002 election for the 325-seat Chamber of Representatives, a weak lower house
chosen by universal suffrage, was deemed the first free, fair, and transparent election ever held in
Morocco. The September 2007 election also met international standards, but only 37% of the
voters turned out and 19% cast blank ballots, reflecting widespread disillusionment with the
political process and popular understanding of the powerlessness of the legislature. The
nationalist Istiqlal (Independence) Party, Morocco’s oldest party, placed first. Its secretarygeneral,
Abbas al Fassi, became prime minister and formed a four-party coalition government
with a 34-member cabinet, including an unprecedented five women ministers. The moderate and
well-organized Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), also known as Al Misbah (the
beacon), had expected to win the election; it placed second and charged irregularities, but
accepted the legitimacy of the outcome. Some 23 parties and blocs plus independents are
represented in the current legislature.
In August 2008, Fouad Ali al Himma established the Party for Authenticity and Modernity
(PAM). Al Himma is a former classmate of King Mohammed VI and former deputy interior
minister. He was elected to parliament as an independent in 2007 and became chairman of its
Committee on Foreign, Defense, and Islamic Affairs. Al Himma has not assumed the leadership
of PAM; he is deputy leader and considered the party’s de facto head. In September 2008, PAM
formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Rally of Independents (RNI). It has sought
alliances with parties known to be recipients of royal patronage and won over many deputies who
defected from other parties. Although the party only won three seats in 2007, it now controls a
large bloc in parliament. PAM’s ideology is incoherent
​

تقييم ومشكور:a020[2]::a020[2]:30[1]:

 

[الحـاكــم العسكــرى]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

بالتوفيق بإذن الله للاشقاء فى المغرب​

 

[نسر الاطلس]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

بالتوفيق بإذن الله للاشقاء فى المغرب​

بارك الله لك وجزاك الله خيرا

 

[adil99]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

واو خبر رائع مبرووك للمغرب
لا ننسى ان المغرب يتوفر على m60 2000 تشبه كثيرا ابرامز

 

[النسر الضارب]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

مبروك للمغرب الشقيق ولو اني اتمني ات تمتلك الدبابه الروسيه التي 90

ان المغرب يمتلك t-90 بعدد 150 الى 200 دبابة

 

[MS]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

ان المغرب يمتلك t-90 بعدد 150 الى 200 دبابة

وماهو مصدرك أخي الكريم

 

[MS]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

الذي اعرفه ان امريكا تعامل جميع العرب بالمثل واذا كانت علاقة المغرب بأمريكا اقوي من علاقتها بباقي الدول العربيه وستعطيها اسلحه متقدمه وبدون انقاص تكنلوجيتها فهذا خبر مفرح

ونقول مبروك للمغرب اقتناء الابرمز

وشكراُ لردك اخي الفاضل moroccan sniper

لم تفهمني أخي الكريم عندما قلت أمثلة حية أنا لم أقصد المغرب بتحديد أعطيك مثال بسيط f16 block60
ولما سأذهب بعيدا قل لي ماذا نقصت أمريكا من f16 block 52 المغربية وهل تعلم قصة mig29 smt الروسية مع الجزائر

 

[شبح الرمال]

رد: تاكيد صفقة الابرامز للمغرب

مبروك للمغرب