التطوير المختلفة من الأسرائيليين للدبابة سنتوريون

يحي الشاعر

كبير المؤرخين العسكريين
عضو مميز
إنضم
2 فبراير 2008
المشاركات
1,560
التفاعل
98 0 0
توافر للأسرائيليين العديد من غنائم الدبابات العربية ، وبالتالي توفر عندهم الكثير من شاسيهات الدبابات وخاصة الدبابة سنتوريون ... سواء كان ذلك من غنائم حرب 1956 أو 1967 أو 1973 علي الجبهتين المصرية والسورية

فيما يلي ، العدديد من الصور والمواضيع بما في ذلك الشرح الأنجليزي ، عن تطوير ألإسرائيليين لشاسيه الدبابة ، بحيث تواجه مهمات مختلفة .. في الميدان وفي منطقة فلسطين وغزة



د. يحي الشاعر

المصدر ، موقع الصناعات الحربية الأسرائيلية

أولا : طراز بــوما


[SIZE=+3]Puma[/SIZE]
puma_11.jpg

puma_12.jpg

puma_d.jpg

puma_24.jpg

puma_c.jpg

carpet_r2_.jpg

puma_22.jpg

puma_17.jpg

puma_j.jpg

puma.jpg

puma10.jpg


Puma - Combat Engineering Vehicle

[SIZE=+2]Development[/SIZE]​


Although the Nagmachon was a step forward compared to the Nagmasho't, it was still a stop gap solution to fielding a satisfactory personnel carrier with enough protection to the crew and mounted soldiers. In the already acquainted way of ‘telescopic development' a further carrier was developed using the Centurion chassis.
The result was a sleeker vehicle with a lower silhouette, in effect reducing the silhouette of the vehicle and therefore increasing its survivability. Survivability was further enhanced by using armor of the third generation, which was denser than the previous kinds of armor used.
The resulting vehicle had a major drawback, however as there was no rear entry or exit for the infantry troops. As a result, the mounted troops had to egress over the roof and the top of the hull, exposing the disembarking troops to enemy fire. The risk of exposing the troops was found to be a very important drawback so much that the vehicle was judged unsuited for the APC (armored personnel carrier) role.
At the same time, IDF's Combat Engineer Force, had a requirement for a heavily protected vehicle to support their frontline tasks. It was decided to adapt the new vehicle to their task. The vehicle was named Puma, which is an acronym for Poretz Mokshim Handasati (minefield break through vehicle).


[SIZE=+2]Description[/SIZE]


puma5.jpg


puma4.jpg

puma_10.jpg

puma_23.jpg

As mentioned, the Puma is a derivative of the ubiquitous Sho't, which in itself is a modified British Centurion main battle tank. Like the Nagmasho't and the Nagmachon, the turret was removed and the ammunition storage was removed. This freed up space for a commander, a gunner and at least five mounted troops. The driver's station remained in place.
The resulting opening in the hull was covered by an armored crew/personnel compartment, which, unlike the Nagmasho't and Nagmachon, spans the full width of the vehicle, including the side armor panels, which double as storage compartments for ammunition. There are three openings in the roof, being the hatches for the commander and the gunner and a large hatch for access and egress for the mounted combat engineers/sappers.


[SIZE=+2]Firepower[/SIZE]


puma_mg.jpg


puma_mg_.jpg

The machine gunner operates the RAFAEL Overhead Weapon Station which is armed with a 7.62 mm M240 machine gun.

Like all the IDF's tank based carriers, firepower is optimized for use against enemy infantry. Four 7.62mm FN MAG machine guns are fitted. Three are mounted on simple mounts and the fourth on a Rafael Overhead Weapons Station (OWS). The OWS can be fired remotely from under armour and manually with the gunner exposing his upper body.

The Puma equipped with RAFAEL Overhead Weapon Station which is armed with a 7.62mm M240 machine gun. This can be aimed and fired from within the vehicle in complete safety. Both day and night (image intensification) sights are provided. The OWS can be operated electrically from under armor as well as manually. In the latter case, the gunner has to expose him or herself.
Other fittings to the vehicle include an roof mounted 60 mm Soltam infantry mortar and two IS-6 smoke grenade launchers, capable of carrying six CL-3030 smoke grenades each.
The Puma's survivability is based upon an applique armor suite. This consists of reactive armor side-skirts and latest generation passive armor arrays applied to the glacis and other vulnerable points.
The vehicle in its basic form relies on passive armor only. The glacis plate was up-armored by the addition of armor plates, as was the driver's station.
The suspension is protected by bazooka plates, consisting of eight sections each. The four most forward units are armored with Merkava Mk 3, Magach 6B Gal Batash and Magach 7 type riveted armor. The plates are mounted in a manner which is the same as on the Merkava 2B and up.
For easing troops mounting and dismounting from the vehicle, the Puma is equipped with folding steps, situated on the sides of the vehicle above the fifth road wheel (viewed from the front).
Usually around four mine walking shoes are stored on each side of the vehicle, directly behind the folding steps. These shoes allow for a lower ground pressure per square centimeter, which facilitates the walking through mine field.
 
د. يحي الشاعر

المصدر ، موقع الصناعات الحربية الأسرائيلية

أولا : طراز بــوما


[SIZE=+3]Puma[/SIZE] .​


[SIZE=+2]Mobility[/SIZE]​


puma1.jpg

puma2.jpg

puma3.jpg

Early variants of the Puma used the same power pack as the upgrades Centurion known as the Sho't. This is the General Dynamics Land Systems AVDS-1790-2A diesel engine and Allison Transmission CD-850-6 transmission. Later Pumas are fitted with the power pack of the Merkava Mk 1, the AVDS-1790-6A engine and upgraded CD-850-6 transmission. Heavy-duty Merkava tracks are being installed and on later vehicles the suspension has been upgraded to that of the Merkava Mk 2.


[SIZE=+2]In Action[/SIZE]​


puma_8.jpg
Puma with Nochri track width mine roller kit.

puma6.jpg


Puma with dozer blade.

carpet_r.jpg


Rafael Carpet fuel –air explosive rocket pod for breaching a route through a mine field.

puma_9.jpg


Trailer with line charge for breaching a route through a mine field.

puma_2_.jpg


puma_1_.jpg

Puma with rear mounted crane.

puma_20.jpg


puma_21.jpg

Puma with THOR


The Puma enables combat engineers to operate in areas where vehicles with less protection would come to harms way. The prime function of the Puma is to clear routes through heavily defended fire zones, giving armored formations freedom for maneuvers. To make this possible the Puma is equipped to mount the following devices:
• Nochri track width mine roller kit.
• Magov track width mine rake.
• A dozer blade.
• A glacis mounted ram.
• Rafael Carpet fuel –air explosive rocket pod for breaching a route through a mine field.
• Trailer with line charge for breaching a route through a mine field.
• A rear mounted crane.​



[SIZE=+2]Variants[/SIZE]​


puma_19.jpg

puma_13.jpg

puma_18.jpg

P3090031_1.JPG

P3090033_2.JPG

P3080025_3.JPG

P3080028_4.JPG

P3090111_5.JPG

P3090027_6.JPG

P3090158_7.JPG
 
د. يحي الشاعر

المصدر ، موقع الصناعات الحربية الأسرائيلية

أولا : طراز بــوما


[SIZE=+3]Puma[/SIZE] .





P3090152_8.JPG

P3090028_9.JPG

P3080088_10.JPG

P3090122_11.JPG

P3080026_12.JPG

P3090032_13.JPG

P3080025_mg.jpg

P3080031_14.JPG

P3080027_15.JPG

P3080033_16.JPG

puma_3.jpg

Puma with a super structure, called the doghouses.


P3090022__2.JPG

P3090153__1.JPG

P3080036__3.JPG

P3090025__4.JPG

P3090016__5.JPG

P3090155__6.JPG

P3090110__7.JPG

P3090121__8.JPG

P3080037__9.JPG

P3090023__11.JPG

P3080035__10.JPG

P3090023__12.jpg

P3090021__15.JPG

P3090030__14.JPG

P3090021__16.JPG

P3080186__17.JPG

P3090016__19.JPG


P3090156__18.JPG
puma_6.jpg

puma_5.jpg

puma_4.jpg

puma_7.jpg

Puma RAM.


After the incident in June 2004, where the Zelda (Toga equipped M113's) didn't provide the necessary protection, these vehicles have been withdrawn as far as possible for use in the territories. In this particular incident, eleven Israeli soldiers lost their lives as a result of an exploding road side bomb. The tasks were taken over by more heavily armored vehicles like the Puma, Nagmachon and the Achzarit.
In a move to adapt the Puma to its new role, it was fitted with a super structure, not unlike the one used by the Nagmachon. Sometimes called the doghouse, this superstructure was placed atop the crew/personnel compartment.
As with the Kasman and the Nagmachon, this doghouse is fitted with vision blocks, firing slots, roof hatches and a rear hatch. This vehicle has only recently shown up. The designation of this vehicle is unknown at the time of writing.
This vehicle also has new armor bricks on the sides of the crew/personnel compartment, which also cover the top part of the bazooka plates. The bazooka plates were also altered and now have so called slat-armor sections. Slat- armor is also used on the Merkava Mk 4, the L-VAS (projected Bazelet) and the American Stryker APC.
A second identified version is a vehicle believed to be called the Puma RAM Judging from the pictures available, this vehicle is used in a manner not unlike the M113 based Hatap (Huliya technit plugatit), most probably being a supporting/maintenance vehicle for Puma equipped units.
The crew compartment has been heightened and its front plate is rearward sloping. The sides of the new crew compartment are fitted with the same (but adjusted) modules as the Modular Hatap.
The Puma RAM is also fitted with a crane on the rear of the vehicle, which seems to be the same as the one sometimes fitted to the rear of regular Pumas. Furthermore a jig over the engine compartment has been installed, meant for carrying a spare power train, like the German Leopard 1 and 2 Armored Recovery Vehicles.


puma7.jpg

puma_a.jpg



Crew
3 (driver, gunner, commander) and at least five mounted troops
Armament
3 x 7.62 mm FN MAG
2 x TAAS IS-6 smoke grenade launchers with 6 smoke grenades each
1x Rafael OWS with 7.62 mm MAG
1x 60 mm Soltam mortar.
Length
7.84 meters
Width
3.38 meters (w/o. side skirts)
Height
~2 meters
Weight
~ 50 tons
Power plant
ADVS-1790 -6A
Transmission
CD-850-6
Output
900 HP at 2400 rpm

 
ثانيا :

طراز ناكبادون


د. يحي الشاعر


[SIZE=+3]Nakpadon[/SIZE]
nakpadon7.jpg

nakpadon6.jpg

nakpadon11.jpg

nakpadon8.jpg

nakpadon10.jpg

nakpadon9.jpg

nakpadon1.jpg
nakpadon_pilon.jpg

Pilon is Nakpadon version with front door, only few Nakpadon APCs been converted to this model.​
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]The Nagmashot provided the IDF with a useful capability. Consequently the Isr[/FONT]aelis introduced improved Centurion conversion with a similar configuration. These machines are known as the Nagmachon and Nakpadon. Some were newly converted vehicles. Most were upgrades of existing Nagmashots. The Nagmachon entered into service in the late 80s and the Nakpadon in the early 90s.
The Nakpadon uses a mixture of passive armour and second generation applique reactive armour, as the basis of its improved survivability. Passive armour modules constitute a more important part of the protective suite than on earlier Centurion based carriers. Like the Nagmachon, the Nakpadon incorporates reactive armour in its massive, corrugated side-skirts. The skirts are even thicker than those of the Nagmachon. As in the case of the Nagmachon, the rearmost pairs of side-skirts are designed to be locked in an upright position. The Nakpadon, when compared to earlier Centurion conversions, has superior frontal and lateral protection. In addition, extra belly armour is fitted as protection against mines.
nakpadon14.jpg

nakpadon13.jpg

nakpadon12.jpg
[SIZE=+2]Mobility[/SIZE]​
Both the Nagmachon and Nakpadon are burdened by excessive weight, the latter probably weighting as much as 55 tones. The Nagmachon retains the upgrades Centurion's 750hp AVDS diesel. The Nakpadon uses the 900hp AVDS 1790-6A power pack of the [FONT=Arial,Helvetica]Merkava Mk 1[/FONT]. The current suspension used by the vehicles is a hybrid, based on the cold Centurion system, but incorporating hydraulic bump stops. Road wheels tend to show signs of severe wear, wheel tires typically being almost totally destroyed by excessive thermal and mechanical loading. As funds become available, Merkava style suspension and all steel road wheels are being retrofitted.
nakpadon4.jpg

nakpadon3.jpg
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]The Nakpadon can take 10 troops more and it's equipped with four M240 7.62mm machine guns [FONT=Arial,Helvetica]and grenade launchers. [/FONT] Due to great armored protection, it is weighs 55 tons, being the VBI weighed already constructed. To compensate the weight, the engine 750 diesel AVDS of hp was changed by a AVDS used 1790-sa of 900 hp in the [FONT=Arial,Helvetica]Merkava Mk 1[/FONT].[/FONT]​
nakpadon15.jpg
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]Crew[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]2+10[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]Armament[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]4x7.62mm[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]Ammunition storage[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]5000x7.62mm[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]Weight[/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica]47 tons [/FONT]​
 
ثالثا : طراز ناجماخون



د. يحي الشاعر


[SIZE=+3]Nagmachon[/SIZE]
nagmachon.jpg

nagmachon_26.jpg

nagmachon_28.jpg

[SIZE=+2]Development[/SIZE]​
During the late 70's and early 80's the IDF was left with numerous intact Sho't Kal hulls without the turrets. It was decided to develop an armored personnel carrier which would offer greater protection than M113 and M3 Halftrack APC's, using the Sho't Kal hulls as a basis. The vehicle evolved into the NagmaSho't (acronym for Nagmash and Sho't. Nagmash itself is an acronym for Noseh Guysot Meshoryan and sho't meaning whip). The vehicle wasn't really suited as an armored personnel carrier as the mounted infantry had to expose themselves while dismounting from the vehicle. It found good use with Combat Engineers as an engineering vehicle and a carrier for its sappers.

From the NagmaSho't the Nagmachon was developed, being intended from the outset as a COIN (Counter Insurgency) platform. Nagmachon is an acronym for Nagmash (APC) and gashon (belly).​
nagmachon_idf.jpg
[SIZE=+2]Description[/SIZE]​
The Nagmachon, like its predecessor the NagmaSho't, is a converted Sho't Kal hull, substituting the turret for a fixed superstructure. As the name implies, the belly is reinforced by at least two plates of steel armor for better protection against detonating belly-charges. The Nagmachon can be distinguished from its predecessor the NagmaSh'ot APC by the addition of more E.R.A.-panels (Explosive Reactive Armor ~ Blazer) and the heightened driver's position.
Also, the Nagmachon is equipped with formidable side skirts (bazooka plates), made up of E.R.A.-panels. The rear most pair are made of metal armor plates which are hinged to tilt upward. This is meant to offer some protection from small arms fire for disembarking troops.
The Nagmachon can be equipped with several engineering devices on its glacis, including mine-breaching devices such as Nochri and Magov anti-mine systems. Along with its heavy belly armour plate, this makes it an ideal platform for breaching routes through mine-fields and booby-trapped areas. Although the vehicle can be used to perform engineering tasks, it is mostly used with infantry forces.
Because of the exposure of the crew to enemy fire, three armor panels were attached to the superstructure's roof. These panels were equipped with vision blocks of armored glass. Between the panels, two pintle-mounted 7,62 FN MAG machine guns were placed.
The Nagmachon is equipped with four IS-10 grenade launchers. These contain ten grenades each of the CL-3030 type, being smoke grenades. Unconfirmed reports state that other charges can also be fired from these IS-10's.
Afterward, the Nagmachon was again re-equipped with a very notable pillbox on top of the fixed superstructure, providing all round protection. This pillbox features shooting-slights for 7.62 mm FN MAG machine guns as well as vision blocks, enabling the troops inside to shoot soft targets. This latest feature makes the Nagmachon very suitable for MOUT-tasks (Mission On Urban Terrain) and security patrols.​
nagmachon_42.jpg

nagmachon5.jpg

nagmachon3.jpg
[SIZE=+2]In Action[/SIZE]​
The Nagmachon has seen extensive use, not only from the latter part of the eighties until the final withdrawal from the Lebanon, but also during the Al-Aqsa Intifadah, which continues to this day. Beside of opening routes to other AFV's and patrolling in hostile populated areas it was also employed to carry mechanised infantry in the Palestinian territories. Because of their elevated turret, Nagmachons are often seen supervising, securing and escorting the D9 & D10 Caterpillar bulldozers in the urban battle zones and under fire.​
nagmachon1.jpg
Crew
2 (driver, commander) and 10 troops
Armament
2 x 7.62 mm FN MAG, 4 x TAAS IS-10 smoke grenade launchers with 10 smoke grenades each.
Length
7.84 meters
Width
3.38 meters (w.o. side skirts)
Weight
Approx. 45 metric tons (without pillbox)
Powerplant
ADVS-1790 –2AC
Transmission
CD-850-76A1
Output
750 HP at 2400 rpm
 
رابعا : طراز ناجماشوط


د. يحي الشاعر


[SIZE=+3]NagmaSho't[/SIZE]
nagmashot5.jpg
During The Lebanon War (1982) Israeli M-113 infantry carriers proved vulnerable to shoulder launched antitank weapons. As a stopgap, the IDF introduced a series of Centurion based Kangaroo carriers for use by infantry and combat engineers. The IDF removed the turrets from some of their obsolescent Centurion MBTs, utilizing the space to build new fighting compartments with a boxy, angular superstructure. The first Centurion conversions known as the Nagmashot appeared in the early 80s. Use of the Nagmashot soon shifted from infantry formations to the combat engineers. The reason for the change of role was that the vehicle lacked an adequate rear hatch for the fighting compartment. As a result, the six-man infantry squad normally carried had to disembark over the side of the machine hull. This had too many tactical disadvantages. Consequently the IDF introduced the T-55 based Achzarit as its primary infantry carrier for use in combined arms operations. A further decision was made to produce a specialized Centurion based carrier, known as the Puma, for the combat engineers. As the Achzarit and Puma entered into service, the Nagmashot was allocated for use as specialized carriers for use in low intensity conflicts (LIC).
nagmashot7.jpg
[SIZE=+2]Low [/SIZE][SIZE=+2]I[/SIZE][SIZE=+2]ntensity [/SIZE][SIZE=+2]C[/SIZE][SIZE=+2]onflict APCs[/SIZE]
The Nagmashot provided the IDF with a useful capability. Consequently the Israelis introduced improved Centurion conversion with a similar configuration. These machines are known as the Nagmachon and Nakpadon. Some were newly converted vehicles. Most were upgrades of existing Nagmashots. The Nagmachon entered into service in the late 80s and the Nakpadon in the early 90s. A handful of early Nagmachons were built upon the hull of M-48 tanks. However, they proved less able to withstand mines and improvised road side charges than the Centurion based Kangaroos.
Whilst the initial impetus behind the Nagmashot was the creation of a heavy assault carrier, the later Nagmachon and Nakpadon were from the start designed for use in counter insurgency operations. They are very similar in layout to the Nagmashot, but have fighting compartments with higher sides. As in the case of the Nagmashot, infantry have to disembark by crossing the engine decking.​
nagmashot6.jpg
[SIZE=+2]Protection [/SIZE]​
When compared to the Nagmashot, the Nagmachon carries a more extensive suite of applique armour array.
The Nagmashot had been trialed with heavy reactive armour side-skirts. These were seldom seen in service. Usually standard Centurion side-skirts were used; on occasion the vehicles didn't wear any skirts. The Nagmachon on the other hand is always seen fitted with exceptionally heavy side-skirts, the front sections of which are particularly massively constructed. On the Nagmachon the rearmost pairs are made of plain steel disembarking from the rear of the fighting compartment. The vehicle also has improved protection against mines, its underbelly being reinforced.​
 
خامسا : طراز م 72 ... مدافع هاوتز "ذاتية الحركة"



د. يحي الشاعر


[SIZE=+3]M-72[/SIZE]
M-72.jpg
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]In 1986, Israel converted some of its older Centurion tanks to carry a turret mounting a 155mm howitzer. There were only a few of these conversions, however, as a decision was made to concentrate on the development of a new self-propelled howitzer, the Slammer. Those that were converted were placed in reserve status and then reactivated in early 1998.[/SIZE][/FONT]​



Crew

5
Armament




155mm
12.7mm
Ammunition storage




60x155mm
1400x12.7mm
Weight
45 tons
 
ومن آخر التطورات ، هو إستتخدام الأسرائيليين لشاسيه السنتوريون ، كحامل متنقل مدرع للصواريخ الميدانية
بشكل مشابه لصوتريخ "ستالين أورجال" ... ولمواجهة ما يقوم به حزب الله من نقل تكتلي للصوتريخ الميدانية


د. يحي الشاعر


[SIZE=+3]MAR-290 (Centurion Chassis)[/SIZE]
mar-290_1.jpg

mar-290_2.jpg
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]The MAR-290 is an Israeli four-tube 290 mm MRL with a range of 40 km, mounted on a Centurian tank chassis. It can fire its full complement of missiles, each of which weigh 600 kg on launch, in about 10 seconds, and can reload in about 10 minutes. [/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]In early 2000, the IDF launched a $50 million project along with Israel Military Industries to improve the accuracy of the 48 MLRS systems from the United States. Israel is also said to deploy the indigenous MAR 290 rocket system.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]Another conversion of redundant Sherman hulls was the use as a self-propelled rocket launcher. A locally-developed 290mm artillery rocket was used for this purpose. [/SIZE][/FONT]​
 
هو ده الفرق بين العرب و اسرائيل !!!!

موضوع رائع ..... بس مش كان من الافضل يكون مكانه في قسم القوات البرية ؟
 
هو ده الفرق بين العرب و اسرائيل !!!!
موضوع رائع ..... بس مش كان من الافضل يكون مكانه في قسم القوات البرية ؟


فعل ومعاك حق ...

هكذا ، نحث علي أن نفكر في إستخدام ما في حوزتنا ...

وياريت يقرأ المهندسين هذا الموضوع ... مثلا أنظر إلي "كاسحة الألغام" المزدوجة ... أو إلي الحاملة "الرباعية" للصواريخ الميدانية ... وغيره من
التعديلات ...

ولنتذكر أن ألأسرائيليين ، كانو أول دولة في العالم ، تغير في عام 1956 مدفع الدبابة "شيرمان" وتستبدله بمدف الدبابة الفرنسية إي أم إكس 13
AMX - 13 بسبب مزاياه ، ودقته ومداه وأفضلية الذخيرة الفرنسية التي توافرت لهم بشكل كبير بعد إندماج فرنسا التآمري مع إسرائيل


د. يحي الشاعر


لا مانع من نقله إلي ذلك القسم ..

أهم شيء هو زيادة المعرفة ... وعندما يفي النقل بذلك الغرض ، فأهلا وسهلا


د. يحي الشاعر
 
التعديل الأخير:
تحياتي دكتور يحيي ،
اتسمح لي بتعديل بسيط ولكنه مهم جدا ....

توافر للأسرائيليين العديد من غنائم الدبابات العربية ، وبالتالي توفر عندهم الكثير من شاسيهات الدبابات وخاصة الدبابة سنتوريون ... سواء كان ذلك من غنائم حرب 1956 أو 1967 أو 1973 علي الجبهتين المصرية والسورية

دبابات سنترون الاسرائيليه ليست غنائم من الدول العربيه ،،، وذلك لانه لم يمتلك هذه الدبابه الا الاردن فقط ،،، اسرائيل امتلكت 1000 دبابه تقريبا بفتره سابقه ، حاربت بها خلال حرب 1973 ، وكنت قد قرائت سابقا عن ضابط مصري اعترف بتفوق هذه الدبابه على ما يمتلكه السوريين والمصريين من دبابات T-55 ودبابات T-62 .
الاردن اكتلك هذه الدبابه بعدد 350 دبابه بوقت سابق ، واخرجها حاليا من الخدمه كدبابه قتال رئيسيه ، ولكنه لم يتلفها او يخزنها !!! بل طورها وجعلها مدرعه مسلحه ناقله للجند ، واطلق عليها اسم التمساح .. والتطوير الاردني لها اكثر كفائه من التطويرات الاسرائيليه



راجع هذا الرابط سيعجبك جدا
http://defense-arab.com/t3367.htmlhttp://defense-arab.com/t3367.html
 
عودة
أعلى