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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n 2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0646\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0645(Buckingham) \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1816\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u062d\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0631(Stocqueler) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1831\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1865\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0641(William G. Palgrave) \u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064f\u0636\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a(Lewis Pelly) \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1862 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1872)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0623 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n \u0623. \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632(R.& J. Ottens) \u060c \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n \u0628. \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a(Herauli) \u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n \u062c. \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631(Carl Ritter) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636”(Earth Science) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1817 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1859. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Kueit or Korein) \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 “\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062cCambridge” \u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (Maps C. 336. 58. 1).<\/p>\n \u062f. \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0640\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0640\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1862 \u06481863. \u0648\u0645\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0652\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0648. (\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863).<\/p>\n \u0647\u0640.. \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a ( Harmsworth’s New Atlas). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a. 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\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n 3. \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1880\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1881. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0644\u0648\u062e”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a 2 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1897\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1898\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0642 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\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 (\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1911 \u0640 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 1913) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062e\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a 3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1911\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n 1. \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n 2. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n 3. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n 4. \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n 5. \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n 6. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a (Complete Autonomy)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 “\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a “\u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631” \u0648”\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646” \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1913.<\/p>\n 1. \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629”. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n 3. \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n \u0623. \u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 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\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 (\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1911 \u0640 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 1913) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062e\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a 3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1911\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n 1. \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n 2. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n 3. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n 4. \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n 5. \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n 6. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a (Complete Autonomy)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 “\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a “\u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631” \u0648”\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646” \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1913.<\/p>\n 1. \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629”. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a”. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n 3. \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n \u0623. \u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n \u0628. \u0646\u0639\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 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