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three sam types provide primary area defence coverage:
- the russian supplied almaz s-200ve vega / sa-5b gammon long range sam, with a range of up to 200 nautical miles against high flying targets;
- the chinese supplied hq-2 “sayyad” / csa-1 or 2 guideline medium range sam, with a range of around 30 nautical miles;
- the us supplied raytheon mim-23 hawk tactical sam, kept operational and modified since the fall of the shah in 1979, with a range of around 15 nautical miles.
claims have emerged that iran has reverse engineered the hawk and is manufacturing components or systems. Similar claims have also emerged around the chinese supplied sa-2 guideline. Reports of unspecified upgrades to the russian supplied sa-5 gammons also exist. No good open source validation has emerged as yet for any of these claims, as a result of which assessments are limited to close in and overhead image interpretation, which cannot usually help in assessing improvements to guidance and internal electronic components, such as missile seekers and datalinks.
A wide range of possibilities exists, in terms of technology upgrades available for the s-200ve vega / sa-5b gammon, the hq-2 “sayyad” / csa-1/2 guideline, and sufficient basic technology exists in the global market to effect numerous upgrades to the mim-23b hawk. While the latter would involve considerable indigenous engineering effort, as suggested by iranian media claims around the “mersad” system, upgrades to the original soviet sam systems and supporting radars are widely available, with offerings from russia, belarus, the ukraine, serbia and other nations now available in the market.
The basic s-200ve vega / sa-5b gammon and hq-2 “sayyad” / csa-1/2 guideline have been wholly compromised since the end of the cold war, as a result of which highly effective electronic countermeasures techniques exist against the radar equipment employed in both. The original analogue snr/rsna-75 fan song, sj-202 gin sling and 5n62 square pair cannot compete against contemporary digital rf memory (drfm) jammer technology, whether used in self protection systems, or support jamming systems.
The same is not necessarily true of any digital rebuilds which may have been applied to the engagement radars and in the instance of the cwsarh s-200ve vega / sa-5b gammon and “mersad”, also the missile terminal seekers. Upgrades produced in belarus for instance incorporate fully digital signal and data processing, modern eccm features, and jam resistant frequency hopping waveforms, as well as non-coherent emitting decoys [
].
Another possibility, for which no evidence exists to date, is that of hybridisation of these legacy sams, using foreign supplied engagement radars, such as the chinese
h-200 space feed pesa.
